#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
using namespace std;

int T;

unsigned long long n,k,sol;

int main(){
	cin>>T;
	while(T--){
		cin>>n>>k;
		sol=0;
		for(;n>=1;n--){
			if(k%2){
				sol += (1ull<<(n-1));
			}
			k/=2;
		}
		cout<<sol<<endl;
	}
}