p2 = [1]
for i in range(2048):
	p2.append(p2[i]*2)
t = int(input())
for _ in range(t):
	[n, k] = list(map(int, input().split()))
	k += 1
	i = n-1
	ans = 0
	while(i >= 0):
		if (k > p2[i]):
			ans += p2[n-1-i]
			k -= p2[i]
		i -= 1
	print(ans)